1 00:00:19,375 --> 00:00:21,083 In kindergarten, I realized that the world 2 00:00:21,166 --> 00:00:22,750 was not what I was told it would be. 3 00:00:23,417 --> 00:00:27,000 The dogma, the theatrics, were now transparent. 4 00:00:29,500 --> 00:00:31,417 Killing and enslaving other beings, 5 00:00:31,625 --> 00:00:34,667 created a dilemma for the Roman Catholic Church. 6 00:00:34,917 --> 00:00:36,166 The compromise... 7 00:00:36,250 --> 00:00:38,625 freedom for the savages, the Indians. 8 00:00:38,875 --> 00:00:42,125 Slavery for the barbarians, the Africans. 9 00:00:43,166 --> 00:00:45,959 Brought by force, and pushed to death. 10 00:00:46,166 --> 00:00:48,458 A state-sponsored genocide. 11 00:00:50,959 --> 00:00:54,458 The 18th century was called "The Age of Revolutions." 12 00:00:54,542 --> 00:00:57,500 But one usually thinks of the American Revolution, 13 00:00:57,709 --> 00:01:01,375 not the Haitian Revolution, which played a central role 14 00:01:01,458 --> 00:01:04,458 in the collapse of the entire system of slavery. 15 00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:07,208 The silencing of the Haitian Revolution 16 00:01:07,458 --> 00:01:10,291 is part of a narrative of global domination. 17 00:01:10,792 --> 00:01:14,625 The debt owed to Haiti still remains to be paid. 18 00:01:42,417 --> 00:01:45,375 Since its first appearance in East Africa, 19 00:01:45,458 --> 00:01:48,583 the human species has been on a long migration, 20 00:01:48,667 --> 00:01:51,959 first to Asia, and then to Central Europe. 21 00:01:54,208 --> 00:01:57,959 This process, lasting for multiple thousands of years, 22 00:01:58,041 --> 00:02:01,291 can be considered as the premise of globalization. 23 00:02:03,417 --> 00:02:04,709 On these roads, 24 00:02:04,792 --> 00:02:08,583 the circulation of the most vital and decisive commodities 25 00:02:08,667 --> 00:02:11,208 would permit the survival of the human race 26 00:02:11,291 --> 00:02:13,333 and its adaptation on the planet. 27 00:02:15,333 --> 00:02:18,291 And along these roads, for better or worse, 28 00:02:18,375 --> 00:02:20,500 silk, of course, would circulate, 29 00:02:20,583 --> 00:02:24,500 but also religion, language, refugees, artists, 30 00:02:24,583 --> 00:02:27,458 technology, and pandemics. 31 00:02:33,375 --> 00:02:37,500 People create families, tribes, nations. 32 00:02:37,583 --> 00:02:40,333 Sometimes, they need to protect the family, 33 00:02:40,417 --> 00:02:44,417 defend the tribe, increase the nation's resources. 34 00:02:44,500 --> 00:02:47,500 Sometimes, it's just about surviving. 35 00:02:47,583 --> 00:02:50,917 Other times, it's for the wrong reasons. 36 00:02:51,000 --> 00:02:53,750 But whether for protection or conquest, 37 00:02:53,834 --> 00:02:55,834 for preservation or profit, 38 00:02:55,917 --> 00:02:59,333 these acts might require being armed. 39 00:02:59,417 --> 00:03:02,542 And over the centuries, we lost our purpose, 40 00:03:02,625 --> 00:03:04,041 and then our bearings. 41 00:03:35,542 --> 00:03:39,041 -Fire! 42 00:03:55,792 --> 00:03:58,542 At the beginning, the very powerful Moguls, 43 00:03:58,625 --> 00:04:02,542 whose empire was founded in 1526 in India, 44 00:04:02,625 --> 00:04:05,458 were more developed than any European state. 45 00:04:06,875 --> 00:04:10,709 But they had no ships able to withstand artillery fire 46 00:04:10,792 --> 00:04:12,625 or carry heavy guns. 47 00:04:12,709 --> 00:04:15,166 Instead of building up their own fleet, 48 00:04:15,250 --> 00:04:18,208 the Moguls chose to purchase defense services 49 00:04:18,291 --> 00:04:20,125 from these European states. 50 00:04:22,125 --> 00:04:24,667 This extremely lucrative commerce 51 00:04:24,750 --> 00:04:25,959 would lead to the creation 52 00:04:26,041 --> 00:04:29,041 of the first multinational corporations ever, 53 00:04:30,000 --> 00:04:32,333 the British East India Company 54 00:04:32,417 --> 00:04:34,542 and The Dutch East India Company. 55 00:04:35,959 --> 00:04:38,208 Meanwhile, the Chinese had already 56 00:04:38,291 --> 00:04:39,583 discovered gunpowder 57 00:04:39,667 --> 00:04:41,917 and had already cast the first cannon 58 00:04:42,000 --> 00:04:43,834 in the mid-13th century. 59 00:04:46,125 --> 00:04:48,792 But they felt so safe in their part of the world 60 00:04:48,875 --> 00:04:51,166 that they refrained from participating 61 00:04:51,250 --> 00:04:53,041 in the naval arms race. 62 00:04:55,542 --> 00:04:58,291 So the backward and poorly resourced Europe 63 00:04:58,375 --> 00:05:01,458 of the 16th century would acquire a monopoly 64 00:05:01,542 --> 00:05:04,667 on ocean-traveling ships, with guns capable 65 00:05:04,750 --> 00:05:06,792 of spreading death and destruction 66 00:05:06,875 --> 00:05:08,750 across huge distances. 67 00:05:10,125 --> 00:05:12,458 Europeans became the masters of cannons 68 00:05:12,542 --> 00:05:14,625 that killed long before the weapons 69 00:05:14,709 --> 00:05:16,792 of their opponents could reach them. 70 00:05:22,834 --> 00:05:25,125 The art of killing at a distance 71 00:05:25,208 --> 00:05:27,208 became a European specialty. 72 00:05:28,333 --> 00:05:31,208 Meanwhile, in the so-called Third World, 73 00:05:31,291 --> 00:05:33,875 small arms were still able to measure up 74 00:05:34,000 --> 00:05:36,000 -to those in Europe. 75 00:05:36,083 --> 00:05:38,750 The standard weapon was a muzzle-loaded, 76 00:05:38,834 --> 00:05:41,000 smooth-bored flintlock musket... 77 00:05:41,083 --> 00:05:42,834 -...which was also manufactured 78 00:05:42,917 --> 00:05:45,333 by village blacksmiths in Africa. 79 00:05:45,417 --> 00:05:49,041 But these weapons were slow and difficult to handle. 80 00:05:49,125 --> 00:05:51,041 They emitted puffs of smoke 81 00:05:51,125 --> 00:05:53,709 that revealed where the marksman was. 82 00:05:53,792 --> 00:05:55,250 To say nothing of the fact 83 00:05:55,333 --> 00:05:58,375 that he also had to stand up while reloading. 84 00:05:59,917 --> 00:06:01,583 The musket was a frightening weapon 85 00:06:01,667 --> 00:06:04,417 for those who heard it for the first time. 86 00:06:04,500 --> 00:06:06,959 But its range was only 100 yards. 87 00:06:08,417 --> 00:06:10,041 So the colonial wars 88 00:06:10,125 --> 00:06:12,500 of the first half of the 19th century 89 00:06:12,583 --> 00:06:14,417 were lengthy and expensive. 90 00:06:16,834 --> 00:06:19,375 Prussia replaced its muzzle loaders 91 00:06:19,458 --> 00:06:21,542 with a breech-loaded Dreyse rifle. 92 00:06:22,792 --> 00:06:26,041 This was tested for the first time in 1866 93 00:06:26,125 --> 00:06:30,125 in the Austro-Prussian war over hegemony in Germany. 94 00:06:31,542 --> 00:06:35,041 In 1884, Hiram Stevens Maxim 95 00:06:35,125 --> 00:06:37,333 who also invented the mousetrap, 96 00:06:37,417 --> 00:06:41,208 manufactured an automatic weapon that was light to carry 97 00:06:41,291 --> 00:06:43,709 and fired nine rounds per second. 98 00:06:45,417 --> 00:06:49,625 It was used by the Germans in East Africa in 1888, 99 00:06:49,709 --> 00:06:55,041 and by the British in 1893 during the First Matabele War. 100 00:06:55,125 --> 00:06:58,083 At the same time, steel had become so cheap, 101 00:06:58,166 --> 00:07:00,750 it could be used for the manufacture of arms 102 00:07:00,834 --> 00:07:02,208 on a large scale. 103 00:07:03,333 --> 00:07:04,875 In Africa and Asia, 104 00:07:04,959 --> 00:07:08,291 local smiths could no longer make copies of the new weapons 105 00:07:08,375 --> 00:07:12,709 as they did not have access to industrially manufactured steel. 106 00:07:12,792 --> 00:07:15,542 -At the end of the 1890s, 107 00:07:15,625 --> 00:07:18,417 the revolution of the rifle was complete. 108 00:07:18,500 --> 00:07:21,333 All European infantrymen could now fire 109 00:07:21,417 --> 00:07:23,291 lying down without being spotted, 110 00:07:23,375 --> 00:07:24,667 -in all weathers. 111 00:07:24,750 --> 00:07:26,875 Fifteen shots in as many seconds 112 00:07:26,959 --> 00:07:30,417 at targets up to a distance of 1,000 yards, 113 00:07:30,500 --> 00:07:31,792 confirming the myth 114 00:07:31,875 --> 00:07:33,917 of the white man's invincibility. 115 00:07:41,125 --> 00:07:42,959 Unfortunately, their bullets 116 00:07:43,041 --> 00:07:45,500 were not totally efficient against "the savages 117 00:07:45,583 --> 00:07:48,959 and fanatical tribesmen," as they called them, 118 00:07:49,041 --> 00:07:51,583 for they often continued their charges 119 00:07:51,667 --> 00:07:54,625 even after being hit four or five times. 120 00:07:56,125 --> 00:07:58,458 The answer was the dumdum bullet, 121 00:07:58,542 --> 00:07:59,834 or expanding bullet, 122 00:07:59,917 --> 00:08:04,125 named after the factory in Dum Dum outside Calcutta. 123 00:08:04,208 --> 00:08:06,458 The lead core of the dumdum bullet 124 00:08:06,542 --> 00:08:08,000 explodes the casing, 125 00:08:08,083 --> 00:08:12,250 causing large, painful wounds that do not heal well. 126 00:08:12,333 --> 00:08:16,166 The use of dumdum bullets between civilized states 127 00:08:16,250 --> 00:08:18,583 would soon be prohibited. 128 00:08:18,667 --> 00:08:21,417 They were to be reserved for big game hunting 129 00:08:21,500 --> 00:08:25,834 and non-white unarmed populations in colonial wars. 130 00:08:29,792 --> 00:08:32,125 At Omdurman, in 1898, 131 00:08:32,208 --> 00:08:34,917 the whole new European arsenal was tested 132 00:08:35,000 --> 00:08:39,083 against a numerically superior and very determined enemy. 133 00:08:40,917 --> 00:08:43,667 One of the most cheerful depicters of war, 134 00:08:43,750 --> 00:08:44,875 Winston Churchill, 135 00:08:44,959 --> 00:08:48,333 later winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature, 136 00:08:48,417 --> 00:08:51,375 was the war correspondent of the Morning Post. 137 00:08:57,291 --> 00:08:59,625 "Nothing like the Battle of Omdurman 138 00:08:59,709 --> 00:09:03,542 will ever be seen again," wrote Churchill in a book 139 00:09:03,625 --> 00:09:05,458 published after the experience. 140 00:09:07,000 --> 00:09:09,625 "It was the last link in the long chain 141 00:09:09,709 --> 00:09:11,875 of those spectacular conflicts 142 00:09:11,959 --> 00:09:14,166 whose vivid and majestic splendor 143 00:09:14,250 --> 00:09:18,709 has done so much to invest war with glamour. 144 00:09:18,792 --> 00:09:22,834 This kind of war was full of fascinating thrills," 145 00:09:22,917 --> 00:09:24,000 he wrote. 146 00:09:25,333 --> 00:09:30,417 The morning of September 2nd, 1898, the following occurred. 147 00:09:35,125 --> 00:09:38,500 "The White Flags were nearly over the crest. 148 00:09:38,583 --> 00:09:39,709 In another minute, 149 00:09:39,792 --> 00:09:41,959 they would become visible to the batteries." 150 00:09:43,291 --> 00:09:46,375 "Did they realize what would come to meet them? 151 00:09:48,375 --> 00:09:50,125 They were in a dense mass, 152 00:09:50,208 --> 00:09:53,834 2,800 yards from the 32nd Field Battery 153 00:09:53,917 --> 00:09:55,208 and the gunboats. 154 00:09:56,375 --> 00:10:00,291 The ranges were known. It was a matter of machinery. 155 00:10:01,458 --> 00:10:05,208 The mind was fascinated by the impending horror. 156 00:10:05,291 --> 00:10:07,959 I could see it coming. In a few seconds, 157 00:10:08,041 --> 00:10:11,166 swift destruction would rush on these brave men. 158 00:10:15,291 --> 00:10:16,583 They topped the crest 159 00:10:16,667 --> 00:10:19,709 and drew out into full view of the whole army. 160 00:10:19,792 --> 00:10:22,959 Their white banners made them conspicuous above all. 161 00:10:24,709 --> 00:10:26,917 As they saw the camp of their enemies, 162 00:10:27,000 --> 00:10:30,792 they discharged their rifles with a great roar of musketry 163 00:10:30,875 --> 00:10:32,625 and quickened their pace." 164 00:10:34,250 --> 00:10:35,792 "It was a terrible sight, 165 00:10:35,875 --> 00:10:38,417 for as yet they had not hurt us at all, 166 00:10:38,500 --> 00:10:40,667 and it seemed an unfair advantage 167 00:10:40,750 --> 00:10:44,041 to strike thus cruelly when they could not reply." 168 00:10:49,959 --> 00:10:52,750 Churchill found the enemy's plan of attack 169 00:10:52,834 --> 00:10:57,834 wise and well-thought-out, except for one vital point. 170 00:10:57,917 --> 00:11:00,583 It was based on a fatal underestimation 171 00:11:00,667 --> 00:11:03,583 of the effectiveness of modern weapons. 172 00:11:05,291 --> 00:11:06,959 "Within the space of five hours, 173 00:11:07,041 --> 00:11:09,750 the strongest and best-armed savage army 174 00:11:09,834 --> 00:11:13,000 yet arrayed against a modern European power 175 00:11:13,083 --> 00:11:15,000 had been destroyed and dispersed 176 00:11:15,083 --> 00:11:19,000 with hardly any difficulty, comparatively small risk, 177 00:11:19,083 --> 00:11:21,917 and insignificant loss to the victors. 178 00:11:23,083 --> 00:11:25,750 Thus ended the Battle of Omdurman, 179 00:11:25,834 --> 00:11:28,000 the most striking triumph ever gained 180 00:11:28,083 --> 00:11:31,208 by the arms of science over barbarians," 181 00:11:31,291 --> 00:11:32,792 wrote Churchill. 182 00:11:33,250 --> 00:11:34,375 At Omdurman, 183 00:11:34,458 --> 00:11:36,917 no British soldier expected to be killed, 184 00:11:37,000 --> 00:11:39,625 for this was only a sporting element 185 00:11:39,709 --> 00:11:41,250 in a splendid game. 186 00:11:43,333 --> 00:11:45,917 The industrial development of firearms 187 00:11:46,000 --> 00:11:50,250 was playing an important role in U.S. colonization as well. 188 00:11:50,333 --> 00:11:52,667 As a war president, George Washington 189 00:11:52,750 --> 00:11:56,709 thought it unreasonable to rely on foreign weapons. 190 00:11:56,792 --> 00:12:00,750 With generous start-up funds, lucrative long-term contracts, 191 00:12:00,834 --> 00:12:03,208 and heavy tariffs on foreign imports, 192 00:12:03,291 --> 00:12:06,500 he literally jumpstarted the U.S. arms industry 193 00:12:06,583 --> 00:12:10,250 into becoming the world's first arms manufacturer. 194 00:12:14,208 --> 00:12:15,709 The very first corporation 195 00:12:15,792 --> 00:12:17,792 established by the United States 196 00:12:17,875 --> 00:12:20,959 was the Springfield Armory in Western Massachusetts, 197 00:12:21,041 --> 00:12:24,375 founded in 1777. 198 00:12:24,458 --> 00:12:28,291 It soon introduced standardized interchangeable parts 199 00:12:28,375 --> 00:12:31,959 and assembly line production, key factors in the takeoff 200 00:12:32,041 --> 00:12:34,750 of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. 201 00:12:34,834 --> 00:12:36,083 and its establishment 202 00:12:36,166 --> 00:12:38,959 as a capitalist, imperialist state. 203 00:12:41,166 --> 00:12:44,750 And having more arms allows more expansion. 204 00:12:44,834 --> 00:12:47,750 More expansion means more wars, 205 00:12:47,834 --> 00:12:50,333 for which you then need more arms. 206 00:12:50,417 --> 00:12:53,083 A profitable chicken-and-egg bonanza 207 00:12:53,166 --> 00:12:55,166 in a totally incestuous relationship 208 00:12:55,250 --> 00:12:58,333 between military industry and governments. 209 00:13:41,709 --> 00:13:43,750 The so-called Monroe Doctrine 210 00:13:43,834 --> 00:13:45,750 became the order of the day. 211 00:13:45,834 --> 00:13:49,542 At its core, in 1850, it was a mere commitment 212 00:13:49,625 --> 00:13:52,125 to keep the Americas, North and South, 213 00:13:52,208 --> 00:13:54,875 safe from European colonizing ambitions. 214 00:13:56,583 --> 00:13:59,875 Over the years, from President Theodore Roosevelt 215 00:13:59,959 --> 00:14:02,208 to John F. Kennedy and Ronald Reagan, 216 00:14:02,291 --> 00:14:05,166 the doctrine came to cover any perceived threat 217 00:14:05,250 --> 00:14:07,750 to U.S. interests around the world. 218 00:14:09,458 --> 00:14:12,291 Overseas domination became the goal. 219 00:14:17,417 --> 00:14:21,667 As Reverend Josiah Strong argued in 1885 220 00:14:21,750 --> 00:14:24,583 in his best-selling book Our Country, 221 00:14:25,250 --> 00:14:26,834 "As a superior race, 222 00:14:26,917 --> 00:14:29,667 the U.S. had a divine responsibility 223 00:14:29,750 --> 00:14:31,583 to control the world." 224 00:14:44,417 --> 00:14:47,166 There is something we need to talk about. 225 00:14:47,250 --> 00:14:49,375 Something that keeps bothering me, 226 00:14:49,458 --> 00:14:52,500 and that we cannot leave out of the present story... 227 00:14:53,375 --> 00:14:55,375 especially because it represents, 228 00:14:55,458 --> 00:14:59,166 in a troublesome way, the symbol of all evil. 229 00:15:00,625 --> 00:15:04,875 It is something odd, hidden deep behind two words. 230 00:15:04,959 --> 00:15:08,041 Hiroshima. Nagasaki. 231 00:15:08,125 --> 00:15:11,291 It was said that it was a war against fascism. 232 00:15:11,375 --> 00:15:15,625 It was said that it was to prevent further American death. 233 00:15:15,709 --> 00:15:18,500 But hundreds of thousands died. 234 00:15:18,583 --> 00:15:20,834 The accounting is irrefutable. 235 00:15:22,291 --> 00:15:25,417 In a chess game, the objective is to checkmate 236 00:15:25,500 --> 00:15:26,917 the opponent's king. 237 00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:30,291 All other pieces then become collateral. 238 00:15:30,375 --> 00:15:34,208 Their respective value depends on the strategic value 239 00:15:34,291 --> 00:15:36,583 you assign to them. 240 00:15:36,667 --> 00:15:39,625 In the present case, the king is an emperor, 241 00:15:39,709 --> 00:15:43,709 and Japanese deaths will provide the collateral. 242 00:15:43,792 --> 00:15:48,667 Shock and awe. A massacre determined by an algorithm. 243 00:15:50,041 --> 00:15:55,000 It came at eight o'clock on August 6th, 1945. 244 00:15:55,083 --> 00:15:57,083 Nobody was expecting it. 245 00:15:57,166 --> 00:16:00,542 They were pawns in a sordid game. 246 00:16:00,625 --> 00:16:05,041 "Killing at a distance" had just taken on a new meaning. 247 00:16:05,125 --> 00:16:07,083 No explanation required. 248 00:16:07,166 --> 00:16:10,208 No cries tolerated, nor pity. 249 00:16:10,291 --> 00:16:12,959 Surrender or death at best. 250 00:16:31,041 --> 00:16:34,041 An endless wasteland of dead people. 251 00:16:35,583 --> 00:16:40,375 For it is a massacre, not a heroic act. 252 00:16:40,458 --> 00:16:44,333 Why wasn't it ever called a war crime? 253 00:16:44,417 --> 00:16:47,208 Is it because those who dropped the bombs 254 00:16:47,291 --> 00:16:49,750 are those who got to name the deed? 255 00:16:52,250 --> 00:16:54,792 "Naming is power," said Trouillot. 256 00:17:04,667 --> 00:17:07,333 Two days after the bombing of Nagasaki, 257 00:17:07,417 --> 00:17:09,834 President Truman said... 258 00:17:09,917 --> 00:17:13,166 "The only language they seem to understand 259 00:17:13,250 --> 00:17:15,458 is the one we used to bomb them. 260 00:17:16,583 --> 00:17:18,250 When dealing with an animal... 261 00:17:19,041 --> 00:17:21,583 treat it like an animal. 262 00:17:21,667 --> 00:17:25,792 It's totally unfortunate, but it's still the truth." 263 00:17:27,959 --> 00:17:30,625 Indeed, there is no more to say. 264 00:17:31,542 --> 00:17:34,709 We know now what the task truly is... 265 00:17:34,792 --> 00:17:38,208 for Kurtz in Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness, 266 00:17:38,291 --> 00:17:41,000 as well as at the Battle of Omdurman. 267 00:17:41,792 --> 00:17:44,000 Exterminate all the brutes. 268 00:17:45,333 --> 00:17:47,250 -Take the cup. 269 00:17:47,333 --> 00:17:49,000 Okay, great. 270 00:17:49,083 --> 00:17:51,875 Why don't you take off your shirt? 271 00:17:51,959 --> 00:17:55,500 No, not you, Henry. The young man. 272 00:17:55,583 --> 00:17:58,041 Can you translate for him? 273 00:17:58,125 --> 00:18:00,333 Good. Make him look more natural. 274 00:18:00,417 --> 00:18:04,709 Yeah, native, blending in. You know what I mean? 275 00:18:04,792 --> 00:18:06,875 -Yeah, okay. 276 00:18:06,959 --> 00:18:09,083 Change position. 277 00:18:09,166 --> 00:18:12,542 Really? You want to just lay down like this? 278 00:18:12,625 --> 00:18:15,500 Well, at least take the cigar. 279 00:18:16,291 --> 00:18:18,041 Take the cigar! 280 00:18:18,125 --> 00:18:22,041 Okay, boy? Hey, you, boy! 281 00:18:22,125 --> 00:18:25,417 Look at him. 282 00:18:25,500 --> 00:18:28,500 Of course, I know he doesn't speak Spanish. 283 00:18:28,583 --> 00:18:32,125 Put a hand on your hip like this. 284 00:18:32,208 --> 00:18:35,917 -Yeah, you see? Perfect! 285 00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:39,792 Change position. Both of you stand up. 286 00:18:39,875 --> 00:18:41,583 Okay. Pick up the rifles. 287 00:18:41,667 --> 00:18:43,625 -Him, too. Yeah. One each. 288 00:18:43,709 --> 00:18:47,625 Okay. And put the gun on your shoulder. 289 00:18:47,709 --> 00:18:48,875 Well, help him with it. 290 00:18:48,959 --> 00:18:52,208 Henry-- Okay. Don't tell him, show him. 291 00:18:52,875 --> 00:18:54,125 No. You know what? 292 00:18:54,208 --> 00:18:55,917 -Put it on the other side. 293 00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:59,917 Yeah. Now, Henry, look at the distance. 294 00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:04,417 You are looking at the Nile River over there. 295 00:19:04,500 --> 00:19:07,458 Be inspired. Show some passion. 296 00:19:07,542 --> 00:19:11,125 The whole world has been waiting for you. 297 00:19:11,208 --> 00:19:12,959 -That's it! 298 00:19:13,041 --> 00:19:14,250 Awesome! 299 00:19:16,333 --> 00:19:18,375 Yup. Classic Stanley. 300 00:19:18,458 --> 00:19:22,458 He tends to overdramatize every so often. Can't help it. 301 00:19:22,542 --> 00:19:26,125 The man changed my name from Ndugu M'hali 302 00:19:26,208 --> 00:19:28,959 to Kalulu because it sounded better. 303 00:19:30,083 --> 00:19:31,333 I have never told him 304 00:19:31,417 --> 00:19:34,000 how I enjoy his company sometimes. 305 00:19:34,083 --> 00:19:37,083 But occasionally, he can be quite a bully too. 306 00:19:38,291 --> 00:19:41,125 He brought me with him to Europe and America, 307 00:19:41,208 --> 00:19:43,208 as his butler, officially. 308 00:19:43,291 --> 00:19:45,875 But when alone, we were just friends. 309 00:19:45,959 --> 00:19:47,625 Go figure. 310 00:19:47,709 --> 00:19:51,625 The fearless explorer and the noble savage. 311 00:19:51,709 --> 00:19:55,208 That in the press, he called me his "infant cannibal" 312 00:19:55,291 --> 00:19:56,792 should have tipped me off. 313 00:20:05,542 --> 00:20:08,417 I have been a good soldier all my life. 314 00:20:08,500 --> 00:20:11,041 The perfectly well-educated pupil 315 00:20:11,125 --> 00:20:14,667 of a Western humanistic civilization. 316 00:20:14,750 --> 00:20:18,333 I thought that to be mature was to be knowledgeable, 317 00:20:18,417 --> 00:20:21,625 smart, sophisticated, and gracious. 318 00:20:21,709 --> 00:20:25,375 I was educated to believe that some types of behavior 319 00:20:25,458 --> 00:20:28,959 were acceptable, and others were not. 320 00:20:29,041 --> 00:20:30,834 And that when I had done wrong, 321 00:20:30,917 --> 00:20:33,125 I had to learn from that experience. 322 00:20:34,792 --> 00:20:37,667 My parents taught me that, as a Black person, 323 00:20:37,750 --> 00:20:41,417 I should never find myself on the wrong side of the tracks. 324 00:20:42,500 --> 00:20:44,291 I learned to behave. 325 00:20:44,375 --> 00:20:48,083 I learned to be sociable, presentable, congenial. 326 00:20:48,166 --> 00:20:52,417 I had to negotiate daily with an intimate, unnamed, 327 00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:57,083 and vulgar enemy, infatuated with a superiority complex. 328 00:20:57,166 --> 00:20:59,750 Let's say, like Frank T.J. Mackey. 329 00:21:01,041 --> 00:21:03,375 I will not apologize for what I need. 330 00:21:03,458 --> 00:21:06,083 Or Jordan Belfort. 331 00:21:10,542 --> 00:21:11,959 I have been a good soldier 332 00:21:12,041 --> 00:21:13,208 and a good learner, 333 00:21:13,291 --> 00:21:16,750 but I could never really fathom what it actually means 334 00:21:16,834 --> 00:21:18,000 to be superior, 335 00:21:18,083 --> 00:21:22,250 logically degrading everybody else as inferior. 336 00:21:22,333 --> 00:21:25,458 A singular assumption, to say the least. 337 00:21:26,959 --> 00:21:30,709 Visiting Europe, I discovered people who genuinely thought, 338 00:21:30,792 --> 00:21:34,792 and were naively convinced, that they embodied the world. 339 00:21:34,875 --> 00:21:37,625 The whole world. And in that world, 340 00:21:37,709 --> 00:21:40,083 I was assigned the role of a footnote. 341 00:21:40,166 --> 00:21:43,125 Or at best, like in most Hollywood movies, 342 00:21:43,208 --> 00:21:45,959 a supporting role with guarantied death 343 00:21:46,041 --> 00:21:49,208 and careless disposal by some wild beast, 344 00:21:49,291 --> 00:21:51,083 sometimes before the third act. 345 00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:55,125 -Go back! 346 00:21:55,208 --> 00:21:58,083 Back across the log! Get Jimmy outta here! 347 00:21:59,875 --> 00:22:01,542 -No! -Gotta run, Jimmy. 348 00:22:01,625 --> 00:22:04,917 -Run! 349 00:22:19,709 --> 00:22:22,542 Joseph Conrad's book, Heart of Darkness, 350 00:22:22,625 --> 00:22:25,250 was influenced by the Battle of Omdurman. 351 00:22:27,417 --> 00:22:28,959 Conrad starts the novel 352 00:22:29,041 --> 00:22:32,500 with what has been called "the toolbox of imperialism," 353 00:22:32,583 --> 00:22:36,875 which involves the ship's guns that fire on a continent, 354 00:22:36,959 --> 00:22:41,166 the railway that facilitates the plundering of the continent, 355 00:22:41,250 --> 00:22:45,000 the river steamer that carries Europeans and their weapons 356 00:22:45,083 --> 00:22:46,917 into the heart of the continent. 357 00:23:12,667 --> 00:23:15,875 This new era in the history of imperialism 358 00:23:15,959 --> 00:23:20,583 also became a new era in the history of racism. 359 00:23:20,667 --> 00:23:24,375 Europeans started mistaking military superiority 360 00:23:24,458 --> 00:23:28,291 for intellectual and even biological superiority. 361 00:23:30,709 --> 00:23:33,291 That's when things turned nasty. 362 00:23:34,125 --> 00:23:36,375 No one had to pretend anymore. 363 00:23:40,834 --> 00:23:44,000 Okay. Please look over here. Mm. 364 00:23:44,709 --> 00:23:46,125 Please, you there! 365 00:23:46,208 --> 00:23:48,875 Could you move a bit to the right? 366 00:23:49,959 --> 00:23:52,083 And you! That's not you! Don't move. 367 00:23:52,166 --> 00:23:54,875 You, a little to the left. Yep. 368 00:23:55,583 --> 00:23:57,834 Now, you give him a hand. 369 00:23:59,125 --> 00:24:01,834 No! You give him a hand, I said. 370 00:24:02,667 --> 00:24:04,041 Well, then, you take another hand. 371 00:24:04,125 --> 00:24:08,000 And you, it's this one. It's a hand and hand. 372 00:24:10,166 --> 00:24:14,125 Excellent. Okay. So, the big guy, 373 00:24:14,208 --> 00:24:18,291 with the towel head, if you can just move back a bit. 374 00:24:19,417 --> 00:24:20,500 Perfect. 375 00:24:21,375 --> 00:24:23,875 Excellent. I think that's it. 376 00:24:25,709 --> 00:24:26,750 I like that. 377 00:24:30,709 --> 00:24:33,500 Can you just uncross your arms, please? 378 00:24:33,583 --> 00:24:36,083 -Why? -You wanna know why? 379 00:24:36,166 --> 00:24:39,250 It makes you look defiant, that's why. 380 00:24:40,625 --> 00:24:42,291 I'm just saying. 381 00:24:42,375 --> 00:24:45,125 Okay. Keep it that way, for all I care. 382 00:25:17,625 --> 00:25:20,250 "Does the West have the will to survive?" 383 00:25:20,333 --> 00:25:22,333 asked a U.S. president. 384 00:25:24,000 --> 00:25:26,375 The question itself is perplexing. 385 00:25:26,458 --> 00:25:30,834 Clearly, I am not included in his concept of the West. 386 00:25:33,125 --> 00:25:36,750 Unquestionably, to belong to the right civilization 387 00:25:36,834 --> 00:25:39,333 does bear some entitlements. 388 00:25:41,041 --> 00:25:44,375 I might be wary of white institutions in general 389 00:25:44,458 --> 00:25:47,083 and of the religious ones in particular, 390 00:25:47,166 --> 00:25:48,375 but for some reason, 391 00:25:48,458 --> 00:25:52,083 I was attracted to the idea of joining the Boy Scouts. 392 00:25:54,375 --> 00:25:57,208 My best friend and neighbor in Leopoldville, 393 00:25:57,291 --> 00:26:00,750 the son of a French doctor, was a Boy Scout. 394 00:26:02,291 --> 00:26:05,208 Robert knew all the regulatory moves. 395 00:26:05,291 --> 00:26:08,458 He even had a code name, Red Raven, 396 00:26:08,542 --> 00:26:10,250 because he had red hair. 397 00:26:10,333 --> 00:26:12,667 He taught me the signs, the knots, 398 00:26:12,750 --> 00:26:14,583 and even tightly kept secrets. 399 00:26:14,667 --> 00:26:18,875 The idea of a brotherhood of the like-minded captivated me, 400 00:26:18,959 --> 00:26:23,208 but not as much as the idea of owning a multi-task pocketknife 401 00:26:23,291 --> 00:26:27,291 and being allowed to dare make unsafe fires in the woods. 402 00:26:29,000 --> 00:26:32,417 Baden-Powell is the founder of the Boy Scouts. 403 00:26:32,500 --> 00:26:35,959 During the second Ashanti War in 1896, 404 00:26:36,041 --> 00:26:39,458 two days' march away from the capital, Kumasi, 405 00:26:39,542 --> 00:26:41,917 as the commander of the advance troop, 406 00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:46,250 he received an envoy offering unconditional surrender. 407 00:26:46,333 --> 00:26:49,583 To his disappointment, he did not have to fire 408 00:26:49,667 --> 00:26:51,875 a single shot at the natives. 409 00:26:53,500 --> 00:26:55,291 To get hostilities going, 410 00:26:55,375 --> 00:26:59,417 the British then planned extreme provocations. 411 00:26:59,500 --> 00:27:01,875 So they arrested the king of Ashanti, 412 00:27:01,959 --> 00:27:05,000 King Prempeh, together with his whole family. 413 00:27:07,375 --> 00:27:11,333 The king and his mother were forced to crawl on all fours 414 00:27:11,417 --> 00:27:13,458 up to the British officers 415 00:27:13,542 --> 00:27:15,750 sitting on crates of biscuit tins, 416 00:27:15,834 --> 00:27:18,375 to demonstrate their subjugation. 417 00:27:20,208 --> 00:27:24,250 But still, this time as well, the British unfortunately 418 00:27:24,333 --> 00:27:26,458 found no use for their weapons. 419 00:27:26,542 --> 00:27:29,375 Baden-Powell writes to his mother... 420 00:27:29,458 --> 00:27:31,959 "I thoroughly enjoyed the outing, 421 00:27:32,041 --> 00:27:34,166 except for the want of a fight 422 00:27:34,250 --> 00:27:37,667 which I fear will preclude our getting any medals 423 00:27:37,750 --> 00:27:39,375 or decoration." 424 00:31:32,625 --> 00:31:35,458 This is young and ambitious Georges Cuvier. 425 00:31:36,959 --> 00:31:40,208 On January 27th, 1796, 426 00:31:40,291 --> 00:31:42,500 Georges has just arrived in Paris 427 00:31:42,583 --> 00:31:45,208 to hold his first lecture at the newly opened 428 00:31:45,291 --> 00:31:48,625 Institut National de France. He is 26. 429 00:31:52,500 --> 00:31:54,458 Cuvier was sensational. 430 00:31:54,542 --> 00:31:57,792 He spoke of the mammoth and the mastodon. 431 00:31:57,875 --> 00:32:01,083 Remnants of these huge elephantine animals 432 00:32:01,166 --> 00:32:05,166 had recently been found in Siberia and North America. 433 00:32:06,709 --> 00:32:09,250 Cuvier demonstrated that they did not belong 434 00:32:09,333 --> 00:32:10,583 to the same species 435 00:32:10,667 --> 00:32:13,500 as either the Indian or the African elephant, 436 00:32:13,583 --> 00:32:18,000 but constituted species of their own, now extinct. 437 00:32:20,041 --> 00:32:22,250 "Now extinct." 438 00:32:22,333 --> 00:32:26,417 Those were the two words that horrified the listeners. 439 00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:28,417 Because in the 18th century, 440 00:32:28,500 --> 00:32:31,417 people still believed in a ready-made universe 441 00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:33,458 to which nothing could be added. 442 00:32:33,542 --> 00:32:37,959 And perhaps, even more important to mankind's peace of mind, 443 00:32:38,041 --> 00:32:39,959 nothing could be subtracted from it. 444 00:32:42,166 --> 00:32:45,166 All of God's creatures, once created, 445 00:32:45,250 --> 00:32:47,542 could not disappear from His universe. 446 00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:52,834 "What then was the explanation for these gigantic bones 447 00:32:52,917 --> 00:32:56,875 and strange animal-like stones that had puzzled man 448 00:32:56,959 --> 00:32:59,500 since antiquity?" asked Cuvier. 449 00:33:01,208 --> 00:33:03,750 Cuvier's idea, that there could be species 450 00:33:03,834 --> 00:33:07,208 that had died out, gave rise to such resistance 451 00:33:07,291 --> 00:33:11,375 that it took over 100 years to become accepted. 452 00:33:11,458 --> 00:33:16,333 But how they had died out and why, he did not explain. 453 00:33:22,875 --> 00:33:24,083 In 1850, 454 00:33:24,166 --> 00:33:27,834 the great liberal philosopher Herbert Spencer-- 455 00:33:27,917 --> 00:33:30,000 yes, that Spencer-- 456 00:33:30,083 --> 00:33:34,000 wrote, "Imperialism has served civilization 457 00:33:34,083 --> 00:33:37,208 by clearing the inferior races off the Earth." 458 00:33:39,375 --> 00:33:41,375 "The forces which are working out 459 00:33:41,458 --> 00:33:43,959 the great scheme of perfect happiness, 460 00:33:44,041 --> 00:33:47,166 taking no account of incidental suffering, 461 00:33:47,250 --> 00:33:50,000 exterminate such sections of mankind 462 00:33:50,083 --> 00:33:51,959 as stand in their way. 463 00:33:52,041 --> 00:33:54,166 Be he human or be he brute, 464 00:33:54,250 --> 00:33:56,333 the hindrance must be got rid of." 465 00:33:57,750 --> 00:34:00,750 Here, the human being was expressly placed 466 00:34:00,834 --> 00:34:03,083 on an equal footing with the animal 467 00:34:03,166 --> 00:34:05,083 as an object for extermination. 468 00:34:07,291 --> 00:34:11,041 One could take Spencer's fantasies of annihilation 469 00:34:11,125 --> 00:34:12,875 as personal eccentricities, 470 00:34:12,959 --> 00:34:17,125 explained perhaps by the fact that all Spencer's siblings 471 00:34:17,208 --> 00:34:19,291 had died when he was a child. 472 00:34:28,333 --> 00:34:31,291 A calm and comforting conclusion. 473 00:34:34,083 --> 00:34:36,417 Enter Robert Knox. 474 00:34:36,500 --> 00:34:39,041 Knox had studied comparative anatomy 475 00:34:39,125 --> 00:34:40,834 with Cuvier in Paris. 476 00:34:40,917 --> 00:34:44,041 He was a Scot, had served as an army doctor 477 00:34:44,125 --> 00:34:46,500 in South Africa, and had founded 478 00:34:46,583 --> 00:34:48,542 a school of anatomy in Edinburgh. 479 00:34:49,834 --> 00:34:52,709 "Can the dark races become civilized? 480 00:34:52,792 --> 00:34:55,125 I should say not," says Knox. 481 00:34:56,208 --> 00:34:57,166 All we know 482 00:34:57,250 --> 00:34:59,417 is that since the beginning of history, 483 00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:01,583 the dark races have been the slaves 484 00:35:01,667 --> 00:35:03,458 of those lighter-skinned. 485 00:35:05,458 --> 00:35:09,041 Of course, what he meant exactly by "dark race" 486 00:35:09,125 --> 00:35:11,125 is not easy to answer. 487 00:35:11,208 --> 00:35:15,667 Are the Jews a dark race? The Gypsies? The Chinese? 488 00:35:15,750 --> 00:35:17,250 One could ask. 489 00:35:46,750 --> 00:35:50,458 "I feel disposed to think that there must be a physical 490 00:35:50,542 --> 00:35:52,750 and, consequently, a psychological 491 00:35:52,834 --> 00:35:55,208 inferiority in the dark races," 492 00:35:55,291 --> 00:35:56,542 asserted Knox. 493 00:35:56,625 --> 00:36:00,709 "The texture of the brain is, I think, generally darker, 494 00:36:00,792 --> 00:36:03,583 and the white part more strongly fibrous. 495 00:36:03,667 --> 00:36:06,583 But I speak from extremely limited experience." 496 00:36:08,000 --> 00:36:11,667 Indeed, Knox says that he had done an autopsy 497 00:36:11,750 --> 00:36:13,792 on only one colored person, 498 00:36:13,875 --> 00:36:15,834 which somehow does demonstrate 499 00:36:15,917 --> 00:36:18,208 the limitations of his experiments. 500 00:36:20,959 --> 00:36:23,792 Thomas Jefferson found it inconceivable 501 00:36:23,875 --> 00:36:27,750 that one single species could disappear from nature. 502 00:36:32,750 --> 00:36:35,333 But nevertheless, more than 99 percent 503 00:36:35,417 --> 00:36:38,500 of all species have already died out... 504 00:36:41,917 --> 00:36:44,417 ...most of them in a few catastrophes 505 00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:47,750 that came close to wiping out all life. 506 00:37:35,125 --> 00:37:37,500 This is the scope of our story. 507 00:38:00,291 --> 00:38:02,750 As a young student, Charles Darwin, 508 00:38:02,834 --> 00:38:06,250 regarded as the father of evolutionary biology, 509 00:38:06,333 --> 00:38:09,667 heard Knox's controversial lectures. 510 00:38:09,750 --> 00:38:12,542 In his book On the Origins of the Species, 511 00:38:12,625 --> 00:38:15,917 published in 1859, he would demonstrate 512 00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:18,959 that all species adapt to their environment 513 00:38:19,041 --> 00:38:20,500 through natural selection. 514 00:38:21,875 --> 00:38:24,917 Darwin argued in favor of a common origin 515 00:38:25,000 --> 00:38:27,291 of all human races. 516 00:38:27,375 --> 00:38:31,375 Although his thesis as such neither confirmed nor denied 517 00:38:31,458 --> 00:38:35,208 Knox's and others' ideas regarding any hierarchy 518 00:38:35,291 --> 00:38:38,625 within mankind, his theory of evolution 519 00:38:38,709 --> 00:38:41,709 was clearly useful to the racists. 520 00:38:41,792 --> 00:38:45,834 After Darwin, race became the decisive explanation 521 00:38:45,917 --> 00:38:47,417 in far wider circles. 522 00:38:48,709 --> 00:38:52,083 Racism was accepted and became a central element 523 00:38:52,166 --> 00:38:55,000 in British imperial ideology. 524 00:38:55,083 --> 00:38:58,333 After Darwin, it also became accepted 525 00:38:58,417 --> 00:39:00,917 to shrug your shoulders at genocide. 526 00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:03,458 If you were upset, 527 00:39:03,542 --> 00:39:05,917 you were just showing your lack of education. 528 00:39:07,709 --> 00:39:09,875 Genocide began to be regarded 529 00:39:09,959 --> 00:39:12,834 as the inevitable byproduct of progress. 530 00:39:12,917 --> 00:39:15,208 And prejudice against alien peoples, 531 00:39:15,291 --> 00:39:19,333 which had always existed, was now given organized form 532 00:39:19,417 --> 00:39:21,792 and apparent scientific validation. 533 00:39:23,917 --> 00:39:28,500 "Meanwhile," added Darwin, "Regarding future life, 534 00:39:28,583 --> 00:39:31,583 each person will have to judge for himself." 535 00:39:44,709 --> 00:39:46,625 In just a few years, 536 00:39:46,709 --> 00:39:49,417 the surface of the earth will be quite changed. 537 00:39:49,959 --> 00:39:52,375 A new era is dawning 538 00:39:52,458 --> 00:39:55,125 that will multiply the undertakings of man. 539 00:39:56,083 --> 00:39:58,875 Light is consuming the darkness. 540 00:40:04,125 --> 00:40:06,041 Let me introduce to you now, my dear colleague 541 00:40:06,125 --> 00:40:09,333 Dr. Frederic Farrar, who has been recently elected 542 00:40:09,417 --> 00:40:11,875 a fellow at the Royal Society. 543 00:40:23,125 --> 00:40:26,375 In his major book, Systema Naturae, 544 00:40:26,458 --> 00:40:29,959 the great Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus discriminates, 545 00:40:31,041 --> 00:40:33,250 with his usual acuteness, 546 00:40:33,333 --> 00:40:36,417 the intellectual and moral characteristics 547 00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:38,458 of four great human families. 548 00:40:40,333 --> 00:40:43,917 The Homo americanus, the Homo europeus, 549 00:40:44,000 --> 00:40:47,625 the Homo asiaticus, the Homo afer. 550 00:40:48,375 --> 00:40:50,709 Yet we believe 551 00:40:50,792 --> 00:40:54,583 that these and all other races 552 00:40:54,667 --> 00:40:58,959 may be reduced to three great classes or divisions. 553 00:41:01,166 --> 00:41:04,041 Savage... semicivilized... 554 00:41:05,542 --> 00:41:06,709 and civilized. 555 00:41:07,959 --> 00:41:12,041 Only two races, the Aryan and the Semitic, 556 00:41:12,125 --> 00:41:13,333 were civilized. 557 00:41:14,750 --> 00:41:17,542 The Chinese belonged to the semicivilized, 558 00:41:17,625 --> 00:41:19,583 as they had once been brilliant, 559 00:41:19,667 --> 00:41:23,375 but suffered from arrested development. 560 00:41:24,875 --> 00:41:28,041 The savage races have always lived in the same ignorance 561 00:41:28,125 --> 00:41:29,750 and wretchedness. 562 00:41:29,834 --> 00:41:33,333 They are without a past and without a future... 563 00:41:34,458 --> 00:41:35,458 doomed, 564 00:41:35,542 --> 00:41:38,125 as races infinitely nobler have been before them, 565 00:41:38,208 --> 00:41:41,750 to a rapid and inevitable extinction. 566 00:41:42,583 --> 00:41:44,458 Out of all their teeming myriads, 567 00:41:44,542 --> 00:41:47,834 never have they produced one single man 568 00:41:47,917 --> 00:41:49,959 whose name is of the slightest importance 569 00:41:50,041 --> 00:41:52,375 to the history of our race. 570 00:41:52,458 --> 00:41:57,166 History starts when man starts to write. 571 00:41:57,250 --> 00:42:00,750 Take a specimen from the 100 million of Africans, 572 00:42:00,834 --> 00:42:04,166 not one of the most degenerates, such as the Hottentot, 573 00:42:04,250 --> 00:42:07,417 but a real, pure-blooded Negro. 574 00:42:09,458 --> 00:42:12,792 What hope was there that he could be civilized? 575 00:42:19,417 --> 00:42:22,750 The great majority of Negroes will go under in a decline 576 00:42:22,834 --> 00:42:24,625 from which only a few can be saved. 577 00:42:24,709 --> 00:42:26,208 Many races have already disappeared. 578 00:42:27,792 --> 00:42:31,208 Please, gentlemen. Ladies, let's be civil. 579 00:42:31,291 --> 00:42:35,041 Show some respect. After all, it's just science. 580 00:42:35,125 --> 00:42:39,208 Fuck you! Fuck you. Two times. 581 00:42:48,291 --> 00:42:51,375 These races, the lowest types of humanity 582 00:42:51,458 --> 00:42:53,500 and presenting its most hideous features 583 00:42:53,583 --> 00:42:55,917 of moral and intellectual degradation, 584 00:42:56,000 --> 00:42:57,875 were doomed to go under. 585 00:42:57,959 --> 00:43:00,834 And I call them irreclaimable savages. 586 00:43:01,875 --> 00:43:05,125 -Irreclaimable savages! 587 00:43:06,041 --> 00:43:08,875 Irreclaimable savages! 588 00:43:11,917 --> 00:43:13,583 What did actually happen 589 00:43:13,667 --> 00:43:16,417 when knowledge, industry, and enlightenment 590 00:43:16,500 --> 00:43:19,458 exterminated the inferior races? 591 00:43:19,542 --> 00:43:22,166 Darwin, who had traveled to South America 592 00:43:22,250 --> 00:43:24,291 in his younger years, knew. 593 00:43:26,250 --> 00:43:29,250 He had seen General Rosas' men in Argentina, 594 00:43:29,333 --> 00:43:33,083 butchering Indians, smothered in blood and vomit. 595 00:43:34,166 --> 00:43:36,750 He knew how eyes were gouged out 596 00:43:36,834 --> 00:43:40,083 when an Indian had sunk his teeth into a thumb 597 00:43:40,166 --> 00:43:41,834 and refused to let go. 598 00:43:43,333 --> 00:43:46,834 How women were killed, and prisoners made to talk. 599 00:43:48,709 --> 00:43:50,291 He had a name for it. 600 00:43:50,375 --> 00:43:53,208 He called it "the struggle for life." 601 00:44:00,750 --> 00:44:03,041 -Last name? -Trouillot. 602 00:44:07,625 --> 00:44:10,417 -First name? -Rolph-Michel. 603 00:44:38,875 --> 00:44:41,250 -Ready? -Sure. 604 00:45:03,417 --> 00:45:07,125 Like Roxanne, Michel-Rolph, and Sven, 605 00:45:07,208 --> 00:45:09,417 I do have my nightmares as well. 606 00:45:22,417 --> 00:45:24,625 Churchill said after the war, 607 00:45:24,709 --> 00:45:28,917 "We are in the presence of a crime without a name." 608 00:45:29,000 --> 00:45:33,250 But Raphael Lemkin, a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent, 609 00:45:33,333 --> 00:45:37,333 had already created that name in 1943. 610 00:45:37,417 --> 00:45:40,208 Combining the ancient Greek "genos," 611 00:45:40,291 --> 00:45:43,041 which means "race, tribe, clan," 612 00:45:43,125 --> 00:45:44,709 and the Latin "cide," 613 00:45:44,792 --> 00:45:47,250 which expresses the notion of killing, 614 00:45:47,333 --> 00:45:50,417 Lemkin invented the word "genocide." 615 00:45:56,667 --> 00:45:58,625 At the New York Public Library, 616 00:45:58,709 --> 00:46:00,792 in the Raphael Lemkin Collection, 617 00:46:00,875 --> 00:46:05,083 in Reel 3, Box 2, Folder 1, 618 00:46:05,166 --> 00:46:09,917 there is a list of the world's genocides throughout history. 619 00:49:42,041 --> 00:49:44,083 "Some things are so evil 620 00:49:44,166 --> 00:49:46,792 that it's enough that they simply happened," 621 00:49:46,875 --> 00:49:48,208 said the man. 622 00:49:51,917 --> 00:49:54,542 "They don't need to be given a second existence 623 00:49:54,625 --> 00:49:56,208 by being retold." 624 00:49:57,000 --> 00:49:59,500 He took a drag on his cigarette. 625 00:49:59,583 --> 00:50:03,000 "That's what I think on some days, anyway," 626 00:50:03,041 --> 00:50:04,417 he went on. 627 00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:07,417 "Other days, I think the opposite." 628 00:50:09,834 --> 00:50:12,709 The past has a future we never expect. 629 00:50:37,875 --> 00:50:39,709 One of the fundamental ideas 630 00:50:39,792 --> 00:50:41,208 of the 19th century 631 00:50:41,291 --> 00:50:45,750 was that there are races, peoples, nations, and tribes 632 00:50:45,834 --> 00:50:48,959 that are in the process of dying out. 633 00:50:49,041 --> 00:50:52,291 Or, as the Prime Minister of England, Lord Salisbury, 634 00:50:52,375 --> 00:50:54,542 expressed it in his famous speech 635 00:50:54,625 --> 00:50:58,834 in Albert Hall on May 4th, 1898... 636 00:50:58,917 --> 00:51:02,542 "One can roughly divide the nations of the world 637 00:51:02,625 --> 00:51:04,709 into the living and the dying. 638 00:51:04,792 --> 00:51:08,041 The weak nations become increasingly weaker 639 00:51:08,125 --> 00:51:10,333 and the strong, stronger." 640 00:51:10,417 --> 00:51:13,500 It was in the nature of things that the living nations 641 00:51:13,583 --> 00:51:17,792 would fraudulently "encroach on the territory of the dying." 642 00:51:20,166 --> 00:51:21,709 He spoke the truth. 643 00:51:21,792 --> 00:51:25,291 During the 19th century, Europeans had encroached 644 00:51:25,375 --> 00:51:28,000 on vast territories around the world. 645 00:51:29,041 --> 00:51:32,333 The word "genocide" had not yet been invented, 646 00:51:32,417 --> 00:51:34,583 but the matter existed. 647 00:51:34,667 --> 00:51:39,000 Joseph Conrad may not have heard Lord Salisbury's speech. 648 00:51:39,667 --> 00:51:41,542 He had no need to. 649 00:51:41,625 --> 00:51:43,625 Conrad could no more avoid hearing 650 00:51:43,709 --> 00:51:47,417 of the ceaseless genocide that marked his century 651 00:51:47,500 --> 00:51:50,542 than any of his contemporaries could. 652 00:51:50,625 --> 00:51:53,000 It is we who have suppressed it. 653 00:51:53,750 --> 00:51:55,500 We do not want to remember. 654 00:51:56,458 --> 00:51:58,083 We would prefer for genocide 655 00:51:58,166 --> 00:52:01,291 to have begun and ended with Nazism. 656 00:52:01,375 --> 00:52:05,125 This would indeed be most comforting. 657 00:52:05,208 --> 00:52:08,208 For sure, the nine-year-old Adolf Hitler 658 00:52:08,291 --> 00:52:10,041 was not in Albert Hall either 659 00:52:10,125 --> 00:52:12,333 when Lord Salisbury was speaking. 660 00:52:13,041 --> 00:52:14,375 He had no need to. 661 00:52:15,333 --> 00:52:16,583 He knew it already. 662 00:52:37,291 --> 00:52:40,667 The air Hitler and all other Western people 663 00:52:40,750 --> 00:52:42,458 in his childhood breathed 664 00:52:42,542 --> 00:52:44,000 was soaked in the conviction 665 00:52:44,083 --> 00:52:48,125 that imperialism is a biologically necessary process 666 00:52:48,208 --> 00:52:50,667 which, according to the laws of nature, 667 00:52:50,750 --> 00:52:54,750 leads to the inevitable destruction of the lower races. 668 00:52:57,041 --> 00:52:59,250 It was a conviction that had already cost 669 00:52:59,333 --> 00:53:01,000 millions of human lives 670 00:53:01,083 --> 00:53:04,792 before Hitler provided his highly personal application. 671 00:53:06,291 --> 00:53:08,417 But in the mid-19th century, 672 00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:12,166 the Germans had still not exterminated any people. 673 00:53:12,250 --> 00:53:13,291 So they were able 674 00:53:13,375 --> 00:53:15,500 to look more critically on the phenomenon 675 00:53:15,583 --> 00:53:18,000 than other Europeans did. 676 00:53:18,083 --> 00:53:21,166 In South West Africa, in 1904, 677 00:53:21,250 --> 00:53:25,667 the Germans demonstrated that they, too, could master an art 678 00:53:25,750 --> 00:53:29,000 that Americans, British, and other Europeans 679 00:53:29,083 --> 00:53:32,667 had exercised all through the 19th century. 680 00:53:33,667 --> 00:53:36,166 The art of hastening the extermination 681 00:53:36,250 --> 00:53:38,625 of a people of inferior culture. 682 00:53:42,000 --> 00:53:44,375 Following the North American example, 683 00:53:44,458 --> 00:53:48,166 the Herero people were banished to reservations 684 00:53:48,250 --> 00:53:50,542 and their grazing lands were handed over 685 00:53:50,625 --> 00:53:53,792 to German immigrants and colonial companies. 686 00:54:06,458 --> 00:54:10,417 For over two decades, their leader, Samuel Maharero, 687 00:54:10,500 --> 00:54:13,875 had signed one treaty after another with the Germans, 688 00:54:14,000 --> 00:54:18,583 and ceded large areas of land to avoid war. 689 00:54:18,667 --> 00:54:21,583 But just as the Americans did not feel bound 690 00:54:21,667 --> 00:54:24,083 by their treaties with the Indians, 691 00:54:24,166 --> 00:54:27,250 the Germans did not think that, as a higher race, 692 00:54:27,333 --> 00:54:29,875 they had any need to abide by treaties 693 00:54:29,959 --> 00:54:32,709 they made with the natives. 694 00:54:32,792 --> 00:54:36,750 As in North America, the German plans for immigration 695 00:54:36,834 --> 00:54:40,083 presupposed that the natives were to be relieved 696 00:54:40,166 --> 00:54:42,208 of all land of any value. 697 00:54:44,709 --> 00:54:46,834 When the Hereros resisted, 698 00:54:46,917 --> 00:54:49,417 General Adolf Lebrecht von Trotha 699 00:54:49,500 --> 00:54:51,417 ordered their extermination. 700 00:54:51,500 --> 00:54:54,709 Every Herero found within the German borders, 701 00:54:54,792 --> 00:54:57,875 with or without weapons, was to be shot. 702 00:54:59,250 --> 00:55:02,959 But most of them died without direct violence. 703 00:55:03,041 --> 00:55:06,083 The Germans simply drove them into the desert 704 00:55:06,166 --> 00:55:07,750 and sealed off the border. 705 00:55:09,208 --> 00:55:12,542 One didn't yet talk about the final solution, 706 00:55:12,625 --> 00:55:16,166 but that was what one had in mind. 707 00:55:16,250 --> 00:55:18,542 In the official account of the war, 708 00:55:18,625 --> 00:55:20,792 the German officers wrote, 709 00:55:20,875 --> 00:55:24,959 "The army earned the gratitude of the whole fatherland. 710 00:55:25,041 --> 00:55:27,125 The sentence had been carried out, 711 00:55:27,208 --> 00:55:31,500 and the Hereros had ceased to be an independent people." 712 00:55:33,709 --> 00:55:37,750 Eighty thousand human beings died in the desert. 713 00:55:37,834 --> 00:55:41,291 The few thousand left were sentenced to hard labor 714 00:55:41,375 --> 00:55:43,083 in concentration camps. 715 00:55:43,750 --> 00:55:45,667 A new concept of incarceration, 716 00:55:45,750 --> 00:55:49,750 invented in 1896 by the Spaniards in Cuba, 717 00:55:49,834 --> 00:55:52,166 anglicized by the Americans, 718 00:55:52,250 --> 00:55:54,917 entered German language and politics. 719 00:56:01,959 --> 00:56:04,834 Paul Rohrbach wrote in his best seller, 720 00:56:04,917 --> 00:56:09,000 German Thought in the World, published in 1912, 721 00:56:09,083 --> 00:56:12,208 that "existences, be they of peoples 722 00:56:12,291 --> 00:56:15,792 or individuals who do not produce anything of value, 723 00:56:15,875 --> 00:56:18,667 cannot make any claim to the right to exist." 724 00:56:23,125 --> 00:56:25,125 We believe that married people 725 00:56:25,208 --> 00:56:32,000 who have transmissible diseases should not have children. 726 00:56:32,083 --> 00:56:36,750 No couple who has the disease of feeble-mindedness, 727 00:56:36,834 --> 00:56:38,291 or insanity, 728 00:56:38,375 --> 00:56:40,583 or epilepsy should have children. 729 00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:31,583 The over-infatuation with genetic purity. 730 00:57:31,667 --> 00:57:33,667 An impressive amount of energy 731 00:57:33,750 --> 00:57:36,291 put into the classification of people. 732 00:57:37,667 --> 00:57:41,750 A pathological obsession for the concept of race 733 00:57:41,834 --> 00:57:44,834 that scientifically does not exist. 734 00:58:11,208 --> 00:58:13,583 Despite the careful staging, 735 00:58:13,667 --> 00:58:17,834 one gesture, an unexpected gesture of irritation, 736 00:58:17,917 --> 00:58:21,625 not foreseen by the director of this strange display, 737 00:58:21,709 --> 00:58:25,542 will betray the masquerade and restore dignity. 738 00:58:44,417 --> 00:58:45,792 What is sure 739 00:58:45,875 --> 00:58:48,709 is that their way of life is threatened. 740 00:58:54,417 --> 00:58:56,917 Has he, indeed, any right to exist? 741 00:58:59,041 --> 00:59:00,125 Does she? 742 00:59:02,208 --> 00:59:06,000 -Do they? 743 00:59:06,083 --> 00:59:08,291 But after all we know now, 744 00:59:08,375 --> 00:59:11,125 indeed, who is to judge? 745 01:00:51,750 --> 01:00:53,875 I have seen these images before. 746 01:00:54,542 --> 01:00:56,500 The same hatred of aliens. 747 01:00:57,542 --> 01:00:58,625 The same violence. 748 01:00:59,458 --> 01:01:02,208 The same roar when the leader speaks. 749 01:01:04,709 --> 01:01:06,291 The western world is panicking. 750 01:01:06,375 --> 01:01:07,959 You will not replace us! 751 01:01:08,041 --> 01:01:10,709 A delirious, spiraling panic. 752 01:01:11,875 --> 01:01:13,750 People are looking for saviors. 753 01:01:14,041 --> 01:01:15,083 Any kind will do. 754 01:01:15,166 --> 01:01:18,250 This is not immigration. This is invasion. 755 01:01:18,917 --> 01:01:21,917 But possibly, one with easy-sounding solutions 756 01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:23,709 that others will pay for. 757 01:01:23,792 --> 01:01:26,583 Make America great again. 758 01:01:27,208 --> 01:01:30,250 We have been there before, without learning much. 759 01:01:30,834 --> 01:01:33,750 The facts are staring us in the face.